編輯:關於Android編程
在Android客戶端開發中,使用網絡請求是非常常見的事情,一般我們使用HttpURLConnection是可以滿足需求的,不過隨著業務邏輯復雜,依然還是有很多不便,一個神奇的公司square開源了一個網絡請求庫——Okhttp。隨著Okhttp越來越火,越來越多的人使用Okhttp+retrofit+Rxjava,我們還是很有必要了解一下。本文的實力代碼來自官方wiki。
現在最新的版本是3.X,android支持2.3+,java應用程序中使用,java最低版本是1.7。
可以通過下載jar包獲取,也可以通過Maven獲取:
com.squareup.okhttp3 okhttp3.4.1
或者Gradle
compile 'com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:3.4.1'
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt") .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); Headers responseHeaders = response.headers(); for (int i = 0; i < responseHeaders.size(); i++) { System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i)); } System.out.println(response.body().string()); }
OkHttpClient 創建一個請求對象,我們可以通過這個配置緩存、超時目錄、代理、攔截器等,大多數時候我們只應該創建一個對象,所有的請求可以共用緩存、連接池、 `攔截器等,如下所示:
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .readTimeout(8000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .connectTimeout(8000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .writeTimeout(8000, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .addInterceptor(new Interceptor()) .cache(cache) .build();
Requests 請求,每個HTTP請求包含一個URL、一個方法(如GET或POST),同時包含頭信息的列表。請求也可能包含一個實體:具體類型內容的數據流。
Responses 響應,根據請求返回的響應碼(成功的200或沒有找到內容的404),頭信息,和可選的實體。
Calls 代表一個實際的http請求,一般調用會執行兩種方式中的一種:
- 同步:執行execute()方法,你的線程被鎖住直到響應返回.
- 異步:執行enqueue()方法,你在任何線程安排請求,在另一個線程獲得響應回調,不會阻塞當前線程,通過Callback 對象的成功和失敗方法獲取響應。
以上代碼運行返回如圖所示,上面幾行是響應頭信息,我們可以通過Resbonse的response.headers() 的到Headers對象,我們可以通過索引遍歷獲取響應頭的信息和值,我們不通過遍歷也可以通過responseHeaders.get("Cache-Control"); 獲取,如果響應頭一樣,有多個值返回,我們可以通過`public List values(String name) {} 返回一個集合,如果通過Header對象的get方法獲取只會返回最後一個數據。
下面返回的就是獲得響應體對象response.body() ,調用string() 方法將其轉成string對象,對小文件來說string()方法響應實體是方便和高效的.但如果響應實體很大(大於1 MiB),避免使用string(),因為它會將整個文檔加載到內存中.在這種情況下,更傾向於用流處理實體。 `<喎?/kf/ware/vc/" target="_blank" class="keylink">vcD4NCkFzeW5jaHJvbm91cyjS7LK9KSBHZXQ8YnIgLz4NCrT6wuvI58/Cy/nKvqO6IDwvY29kZT48L2NvZGU+PC9jb2RlPjwvY29kZT48L2NvZGU+PC9jb2RlPjwvY29kZT48L2NvZGU+DQo8cHJlIGNsYXNzPQ=="brush:java;"> private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt") .build(); client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() { @Override public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } @Override public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException { if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); Headers responseHeaders = response.headers(); for (int i = 0, size = responseHeaders.size(); i < size; i++) { System.out.println(responseHeaders.name(i) + ": " + responseHeaders.value(i)); } System.out.println(response.body().string()); } }); }
以上代碼異步執行,不會阻塞當前線程,該方法接受一個okhttp3.callback對象,當請求成功後執行callback對象的onResponse方法,我們通過調用isSuccessful() 可以判斷返回的響應碼是否在200和300之間。當請求失敗或取消的會調用callback對象的onFailure 。回調的方法都是執行在工作線程的,不可以直接更新UI。
Accessing Headers 訪問頭信息Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/repos/square/okhttp/issues") .header("User-Agent", "OkHttp Headers.java") .addHeader("Accept", "application/json; q=0.5") .addHeader("Accept", "application/vnd.github.v3+json") .build();Posting a String 上傳字符串
public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8"); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { String postBody = "" + "Releases\n" + "--------\n" + "\n" + " * _1.0_ May 6, 2013\n" + " * _1.1_ June 15, 2013\n" + " * _1.2_ August 11, 2013\n"; Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw") .post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, postBody)) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }
post方發接收一個RequestBody 對象,使用一個HTTP POST發送請求實體到服務.這個例子提交一個markdown文檔發送給web服務,將markdown呈現為HTML.因為整個請求實體同時在內存中,避免使用這個API發布大文檔(大於1 MiB).
Post 提交鍵值對private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run(MapPost 提交jsonparams) throws Exception{ FormBody.Builder builder = new FormBody.Builder(); for (Map.Entry entry : params.entrySet()){ builder.add(entry.getKey(),entry.getValue().toString()); } RequestBody formBody = builder.build(); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php") .post(formBody) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }
public static final MediaType JSON = MediaType.parse("application/json; charset=utf-8"); OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); String post(String url, String json) throws IOException { RequestBody body = RequestBody.create(JSON, json); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url(url) .post(body) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); return response.body().string(); }Post Streaming 上傳流
public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8"); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { RequestBody requestBody = new RequestBody() { @Override public MediaType contentType() { return MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN; } @Override public void writeTo(BufferedSink sink) throws IOException { sink.writeUtf8("Numbers\n"); sink.writeUtf8("-------\n"); for (int i = 2; i <= 997; i++) { sink.writeUtf8(String.format(" * %s = %s\n", i, factor(i))); } } private String factor(int n) { for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) { int x = n / i; if (x * i == n) return factor(x) + " × " + i; } return Integer.toString(n); } }; Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw") .post(requestBody) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }Posting a File 上傳文件
public static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN = MediaType.parse("text/x-markdown; charset=utf-8"); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { File file = new File("README.md"); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/markdown/raw") .post(RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_MARKDOWN, file)) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }Posting form parameters 上傳表格參數
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { RequestBody formBody = new FormBody.Builder() .add("search", "Jurassic Park") .build(); Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php") .post(formBody) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }Posting a multipart request 上傳多部分的請求
private static final String IMGUR_CLIENT_ID = "..."; private static final MediaType MEDIA_TYPE_PNG = MediaType.parse("image/png"); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { // Use the imgur image upload API as documented at https://api.imgur.com/endpoints/image RequestBody requestBody = new MultipartBody.Builder() .setType(MultipartBody.FORM) .addFormDataPart("title", "Square Logo") .addFormDataPart("image", "logo-square.png", RequestBody.create(MEDIA_TYPE_PNG, new File("website/static/logo-square.png"))) .build(); Request request = new Request.Builder() .header("Authorization", "Client-ID " + IMGUR_CLIENT_ID) .url("https://api.imgur.com/3/image") .post(requestBody) .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }
設置setType 我們一般將該值設置為MultipartBody.FORM ,addFormDataPart(String name, String value) 我們可以向裡面添加鍵值對,addFormDataPart(String name, String filename, RequestBody body) 我們可以向裡面添加文件,addPart 提供了三個重載方法,我們可以通過addPart(Headers headers, RequestBody body)可以在添加RequestBody的時候,同時為其單獨設置請求頭。如下所示:
RequestBody requestBody = new MultipartBuilder() .type(MultipartBuilder.FORM) .addPart(Headers.of("Content-Disposition", "form-data; name=\"username\""), RequestBody.create(null, "test")) .build();Parse a JSON Response With Gson 用Gson解析一個JSON響應
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); private final Gson gson = new Gson(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("https://api.github.com/gists/c2a7c39532239ff261be") .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); Gist gist = gson.fromJson(response.body().charStream(), Gist.class); for (Map.Entryentry : gist.files.entrySet()) { System.out.println(entry.getKey()); System.out.println(entry.getValue().content); } } static class Gist { Map files; } static class GistFile { String content; }
上面就是通過Gson解析返回的數據,跟平時用法差不多。
Response Caching 響應緩存private final OkHttpClient client; public CacheResponse(File cacheDirectory) throws Exception { int cacheSize = 10 * 1024 * 1024; // 10 MiB Cache cache = new Cache(cacheDirectory, cacheSize); client = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .cache(cache) .build(); } public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://publicobject.com/helloworld.txt") .build(); Response response1 = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response1.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response1); String response1Body = response1.body().string(); System.out.println("Response 1 response: " + response1); System.out.println("Response 1 cache response: " + response1.cacheResponse()); System.out.println("Response 1 network response: " + response1.networkResponse()); Response response2 = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response2.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response2); String response2Body = response2.body().string(); System.out.println("Response 2 response: " + response2); System.out.println("Response 2 cache response: " + response2.cacheResponse()); System.out.println("Response 2 network response: " + response2.networkResponse()); System.out.println("Response 2 equals Response 1? " + response1Body.equals(response2Body)); }
為了緩存響應,你需要一個緩存目錄,你可以讀和寫,並限制緩存的大小。緩存目錄應該是私有的,不受信任的應用程序不應該能夠閱讀其內容,所以我們一般這樣配置,緩存的數據存放在context.getCacheDir()的子目錄中::
final @Nullable File baseDir = context.getCacheDir(); if (baseDir != null) { final File cacheDir = new File(baseDir, "HttpResponseCache"); okHttpClient.setCache(new Cache(cacheDir, 10 * 10 * 1024)); }
第一次請求完成後,Okhttp將請求結果寫入了緩存當中,第一次response1.networkResponse()為請求的值,response1.cacheResponse() 打印的值為null;第二次response2.cacheResponse() 打印的是第一次網絡請求的值,response2.networkResponse() 打印的值是null,說明你第一次走的網絡請求,第二次請求來自於緩存,兩次的值response1Body.equals(response2Body) 返回也是true,很好的驗證上面的說法。我們還可以配置響應頭信息Cache-Control:max-stale=3600 Cache-Control: max-age=9600 ,okhttp也會對配置進行緩存處理,超過時間走網絡請求。禁止一個響應使用緩存,只獲取網絡響應,使用CacheControl.FORCE_NETWORK。禁止一個響應使用網絡,只使用緩存,使用CacheControl.FORCE_CACHE。注意:如果你使用FORCE_CACHE請求緩存,緩存不存在,,OkHttp將返回一個504不可滿足的請求響應。
Canceling a Call 取消一個調用private final ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1); private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay. .build(); final long startNanos = System.nanoTime(); final Call call = client.newCall(request); // Schedule a job to cancel the call in 1 second. executor.schedule(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { System.out.printf("%.2f Canceling call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f); call.cancel(); System.out.printf("%.2f Canceled call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f); } }, 1, TimeUnit.SECONDS); try { System.out.printf("%.2f Executing call.%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f); Response response = call.execute(); System.out.printf("%.2f Call was expected to fail, but completed: %s%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, response); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.printf("%.2f Call failed as expected: %s%n", (System.nanoTime() - startNanos) / 1e9f, e); } }Timeouts 超時
private final OkHttpClient client; public ConfigureTimeouts() throws Exception { client = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .connectTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .writeTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .readTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS) .build(); } public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/2") // This URL is served with a 2 second delay. .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); System.out.println("Response completed: " + response); }Per-call Configuration 每個調用的設置
private final OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient(); public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://httpbin.org/delay/1") // This URL is served with a 1 second delay. .build(); try { // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request. OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder() .readTimeout(500, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) .build(); Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute(); System.out.println("Response 1 succeeded: " + response); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Response 1 failed: " + e); } try { // Copy to customize OkHttp for this request. OkHttpClient copy = client.newBuilder() .readTimeout(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) .build(); Response response = copy.newCall(request).execute(); System.out.println("Response 2 succeeded: " + response); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("Response 2 failed: " + e); } }Handling authentication 處理身份驗證
private final OkHttpClient client; public Authenticate() { client = new OkHttpClient.Builder() .authenticator(new Authenticator() { @Override public Request authenticate(Route route, Response response) throws IOException { System.out.println("Authenticating for response: " + response); System.out.println("Challenges: " + response.challenges()); String credential = Credentials.basic("jesse", "password1"); return response.request().newBuilder() .header("Authorization", credential) .build(); } }) .build(); } public void run() throws Exception { Request request = new Request.Builder() .url("http://publicobject.com/secrets/hellosecret.txt") .build(); Response response = client.newCall(request).execute(); if (!response.isSuccessful()) throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response); System.out.println(response.body().string()); }
如果用戶名或者密碼有問題,那麼okhttp會一直使用這個錯誤的信息嘗試,那麼我們應該加一個判斷,如果之前用該用戶名和密碼登陸失敗了,就不應該再次登錄:
if (credential.equals(response.request().header("Authorization"))) { return null; // If we already failed with these credentials, don't retry. }
當你設置一個應用程序定義的限制時你也可以跳過重試:
if (responseCount(response) >= 3) { return null; // If we've failed 3 times, give up. }
這上面的代碼依賴於 responseCount() 方法:
private int responseCount(Response response) { int result = 1; while ((response = response.priorResponse()) != null) { result++; } return result; }
Okhttp很強大,我們看一下wiki基本上就可以上手,下一篇我會講解攔截器和Okhttp封裝,讓更簡潔的調用。
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