編輯:關於Android編程
Android的消息機制主要是指Handler的運行機制,Handler的運行需要底層的MessageQueue和Looper的支撐。
MessageQueue消息隊列,以隊列的形式(實為單鏈表結構)對外提供插入和刪除的工作,
Looper
以無限循環的形式不斷獲取MessageQueue中的消息,有則處理,無則等待。
ThreadLocal
ThreadLocal可以在不同的線程互不干擾的存儲並提供數據,通過ThreadLocal可以很方便的獲取每個線程的Looper
為什麼要異步訪問UI?
Android規定UI操作只能在主線程中執行,子線程執行UI操作則會拋出異常,在ViewRootImpl有如下方法:
void checkThread() { if (mThread != Thread.currentThread()) { throw new CalledFromWrongThreadException( "Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views."); } }
顯然對於UI這類耗時操作我們不可能全部放在主線程中執行,那麼就要采用異步的方式。
系統為何不允許在子線程去訪問UI?
原因很簡單,Android的UI線程是線程不安全的
為什麼不采用加鎖的方式處理UI線程?
- 會增加UI訪問的邏輯復雜度
- 降低UI訪問效率
至此,我們對異步消息的處理機制和必要性有了一個簡單的了解
假設有如下需求:在子線程中更新TextView的文本顯示
實現方式一:
mHandler = new Handler() { @Override public void handleMessage(Message msg) { if (msg.what == 1) { tv.setText(msg.obj.toString()); } } }; tv = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tv); new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { Message msg = new Message(); msg.what = 1; msg.obj = "神荼"; mHandler.sendMessage(msg); } }).start();
實現方式二:
mHandler = new Handler(); mHandler.post(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { tv.setText("神荼"); } });
實現方式三:
runOnUiThread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { tv.setText("神荼"); } });
實現方式四:
tv.post(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { tv.setText("神荼"); } });
實現方式五:
開啟加速,Google異步處理方案之AsyncTask(詳情請關注我的下一篇Android多線程編程之AsyncTask篇)
上述代碼都實現了同樣的處理效果,但實現上卻略有不同,預知詳細原理,請跟進代碼分析。
首先來看一下Handler的工作流程(來自郭神):
vc/7z6K0psDttcTV+7j2wfezzKOsztLP67j3zru/tLau1eK49tOmuMO2vMrHw7vOyszio6zOqsHLuOPH5bP+xNqyv7XEyrXP1tStwO2jrM7Sw8e+zbTTaGFuZGxlt6LLzc/7z6K1xMbwtePMuMbwo6yjrDwvcD4NCjxoMiBpZD0="messagequeue">MessageQueue
在第一種方式中,我們通過handle.sendMessage()方法發送一個Message對象,這個msg對象的第一站即MessageQueue,MessageQueue主要包含兩個操作:插入(enqueueMessage)和讀取(next)
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) { if (msg.target == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target."); } if (msg.isInUse()) { throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use."); } synchronized (this) { if (mQuitting) { IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException( msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread"); Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e); msg.recycle(); return false; } msg.markInUse(); msg.when = when; Message p = mMessages; boolean needWake; if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) { // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked. msg.next = p; mMessages = msg; needWake = mBlocked; } else { needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous(); Message prev; for (;;) { prev = p; p = p.next; if (p == null || when < p.when) { break; } if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) { needWake = false; } } msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next prev.next = msg; } // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false. if (needWake) { nativeWake(mPtr); } } return true; }
上面的代碼明顯暴漏了這貨維護的就是一個鏈表結構啊有木有,當該方法被調用時會向消息鏈表中插入新的消息對象。
再來看看next
Message next() { final long ptr = mPtr; if (ptr == 0) { return null; } int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0; for (;;) { if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) { Binder.flushPendingCommands(); } nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis); synchronized (this) { // Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found. final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis(); Message prevMsg = null; Message msg = mMessages; if (msg != null && msg.target == null) { // Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue. do { prevMsg = msg; msg = msg.next; } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous()); } if (msg != null) { if (now < msg.when) { // Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready. nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE); } else { // Got a message. mBlocked = false; if (prevMsg != null) { prevMsg.next = msg.next; } else { mMessages = msg.next; } msg.next = null; if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg); msg.markInUse(); return msg; } } else { // No more messages. nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1; } if (mQuitting) { dispose(); return null; } if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0 && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) { pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size(); } if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) { // No idle handlers to run. Loop and wait some more. mBlocked = true; continue; } if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) { mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)]; } mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers); } for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) { final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i]; mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler boolean keep = false; try { keep = idler.queueIdle(); } catch (Throwable t) { Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t); } if (!keep) { synchronized (this) { mIdleHandlers.remove(idler); } } } pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0; nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0; } }
嗯,210-237行淋漓盡致的展現了msg是如何被取出並從鏈表中溢出的,沒啥好說的,
我以前一直困惑Looper到底是個啥?是個類?還是個final類,不過這好像沒啥意義啊…其實我們完全沒必要知道它是啥,我們只要知道它對Handler形式的異步處理具有決定性的作用,實際上我們在創建Handler的時候必須伴隨著兩個方法的調用
Looper.prepare()這裡假設你已經了解ThreadLocal這貨是干啥的了,基於此來看一下該方法的源碼
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) { if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) { throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread"); } sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed)); }
看到某,如果當前線程存在已經與之具有“綁定關系”的Looper,那麼通過本地sThreadLocal獲取即可,否則新建一個,重點來了
Looper對象所“綁定”的線程也就是我們消息接收的線程
所以,你現在知道了,Looper.prepare()獲取與所在線程對應的Looper對象,決定消息接收處。
Looper.loop()public static void loop() { final Looper me = myLooper(); if (me == null) { throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread."); } final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue; Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); for (;;) { Message msg = queue.next(); // might block if (msg == null) { // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting. return; } Printer logging = me.mLogging; if (logging != null) { logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback + ": " + msg.what); } msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); if (logging != null) { logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback); } final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); if (ident != newIdent) { Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x" + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x" + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to " + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " " + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what); } msg.recycleUnchecked(); } }
這個玩的就更嗨了,先是獲取MessageQueue對象,而後開啟了自我輪回模式(無限循環),怎麼輪回呢?看326行,從MessageQueue中不斷地取出msg對象,然後將該msg對象分發傳遞出去(338),msg.target即為我們的handler對象,請注意,前方高能Handler源碼解析開始…
接上面的msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)該方法源碼如下
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) { if (msg.callback != null) { handleCallback(msg); } else { if (mCallback != null) { if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) { return; } } handleMessage(msg); } }
看到沒,該方法首先會判斷callback接口,若非空,直接處理即可,這也恰恰對應了我們的第二種異步實現方式(簡單來說就是直接傳遞一個Runnable,該Runnable最後會在Looper線程運行),那麼第三種方式呢,也很類似不是麼?看代碼
public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) { if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) { mHandler.post(action); } else { action.run(); } }
看到某,就是第二種方式的封裝版,而且省去了Handler的創建。
你可能要問了,mCallback是哪裡冒出來野生奧特曼,干啥玩意的?
對應這個問題,我只能說,看代碼
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) { if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) { final Class klass = getClass(); if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) && (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) { Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " + klass.getCanonicalName()); } } mLooper = Looper.myLooper(); if (mLooper == null) { throw new RuntimeException( "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()"); } mQueue = mLooper.mQueue; mCallback = callback; mAsynchronous = async; }
很明顯這貨來自於Handler的構造方法(不止一個),408行已然說明一切,最後我們看到在dispatchMessage終究要執行終極方法handleMessage(msg),於是乎消息對象來到了我們早已寫好的handleMessage()方法中並在你Looper“綁定”的線程執行(一般都是主線程啦啦啦)…
ThreadLocal是一個線程內部的數據存儲類,通過該類可以在指定的線程中存儲數據,當然也只能獲取當前線程的存儲數據
在Handler異步消息處理中我們每個線程都要指定自己的Looper對象,那麼如果沒有該類,我們可能需要較為麻煩的方式去管理這些Looper對象,如hash表存儲等
一個簡單的使用示例
private ThreadLocalmIntegerThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>(); mIntegerThreadLocal.set(111); new Thread("Thread_1") { @Override public void run() { mIntegerThreadLocal.set(222); Log.d("TAG2", mIntegerThreadLocal.get().toString()); Log.d("TAG", Thread.currentThread().getName()); } }.start(); new Thread("Thread_2") { @Override public void run() { mIntegerThreadLocal.set(333); Log.d("TAG3", mIntegerThreadLocal.get().toString()); Log.d("TAG", Thread.currentThread().getName()); } }.start(); Log.d("TAG1", mIntegerThreadLocal.get().toString()); Log.d("TAG", Thread.currentThread().getName());
輸出:
顯然,結果表明了同一個對象在不同的線程有著不同的值,再來看一下它內部的源碼實現(以搞懂源碼為目標)
首先是set方法
public void set(T value) { Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread(); Values values = values(currentThread); if (values == null) { values = initializeValues(currentThread); } values.put(this, value); }
看到某,ThreadLocal能根據不同線程維護不同Values對象(Thread內部產生),進而存儲獲取不同的數據,更具體的可以自行查閱源碼。
再來看下get
public T get() { // Optimized for the fast path. Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread(); Values values = values(currentThread); if (values != null) { Object[] table = values.table; int index = hash & values.mask; if (this.reference == table[index]) { return (T) table[index + 1]; } } else { values = initializeValues(currentThread); } return (T) values.getAfterMiss(this); }
和set類似,清楚明白不扯淡,就不多說了
聊了這麼久,有人可能就問了,你說使用handler必須要調用Looper的prepare和loop方法,那麼主線程(ActivityThread)並沒有看到調用啊,你淨扯犢子呢?
有此問的道友先息息火,關於這個問題其實很簡單,Android已經為我們做好了封裝,而且第一個方法調用的是Looper.prepareMainLooper()
public static void prepareMainLooper() { prepare(false); synchronized (Looper.class) { if (sMainLooper != null) { throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared."); } sMainLooper = myLooper(); } }
OK,到此為止我相信你應該是徹底搞懂了了Handler的異步消息機制,如果還有什麼疑問歡迎下方留言,當然我建議你能抽點時間自己去一點點的去閱讀分析handler的源碼,這樣才能真正深刻的理解並記憶。
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