編輯:關於Android編程
當長按手機的power鍵,Android手機就會開機,那麼Android系統的開機啟動過程到底是怎麼樣的呢,本文將要介紹這一過程。簡單來說,Android系統的開機啟動過程大致是這樣的:首先linux系統會啟動一個叫做zygote(可以稱為受精卵、母體)的linux程序,這個程序實際上就是android系統的內核,zygote啟動的時候會建立socket服務端並加載大量的類和資源。接著zygote會孵化第一個dalvik進程SystemServer,在SystemServer中會創建一個socket客戶端,後續AMS(ActivityManagerService)會通過此客戶端和zygote通信,zygote再根據請求孵化出新的dalvik進程即啟動一個新的apk同時把新進程的socket連接關閉。SystemServer初始化完畢後會啟動一個位於桟頂的activity,由於系統剛開機,所以task桟頂沒有activity,於是接著它會發送一個隱式的intent(category:CATEGORY_HOME),也就是launcher了,即Android系統的桌面程序,launcher啟動以後,我們就可以通過桌面啟動各種應用了,可以發現,launcher可是不是一個,第三方應用只要加入launcher所需要的intent-filter即可。下面一一分析各個流程。(注:本文分析基於Android4.3源碼)
zygote是一個linux程序,其對應的可執行文件位於/system/bin/app_process,它在/init.rc中定義,如下
service zygote /system/bin/app_process -Xzygote /system/bin --zygote --start-system-server
class main
socket zygote stream 660 root system
onrestart write /sys/android_power/request_state wake
onrestart write /sys/power/state on
onrestart restart media
onrestart restart netd
可以發現,zygote創建了一個流式套接字(即采用TCP協議),並監聽660端口,並且當zygote重啟的時候需要對喚醒電源並重啟Media、netd服務。下面看zygote的源碼,其路徑為frameworksasecmdsapp_processapp_main.cpp中:
int main(int argc, char* const argv[]) { #ifdef __arm__ /* * b/7188322 - Temporarily revert to the compat memory layout * to avoid breaking third party apps. * * THIS WILL GO AWAY IN A FUTURE ANDROID RELEASE. * * http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commitdiff;h=7dbaa466 * changes the kernel mapping from bottom up to top-down. * This breaks some programs which improperly embed * an out of date copy of Android's linker. */ char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX]; property_get(ro.kernel.qemu, value, ); bool is_qemu = (strcmp(value, 1) == 0); if ((getenv(NO_ADDR_COMPAT_LAYOUT_FIXUP) == NULL) && !is_qemu) { int current = personality(0xFFFFFFFF); if ((current & ADDR_COMPAT_LAYOUT) == 0) { personality(current | ADDR_COMPAT_LAYOUT); setenv(NO_ADDR_COMPAT_LAYOUT_FIXUP, 1, 1); execv(/system/bin/app_process, argv); return -1; } } unsetenv(NO_ADDR_COMPAT_LAYOUT_FIXUP); #endif // These are global variables in ProcessState.cpp mArgC = argc; mArgV = argv; mArgLen = 0; for (int i=0; i說明:這句代碼runtime.start(com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit, startSystemServer ? start-system-server : )在AndroidRuntime中實現,其最終會調用ZygoteInit的main方法,請看env->CallStaticVoidMethod(startClass, startMeth, strArray);這裡的startClass就是com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit,而startMeth就是main,所以,我們直接看ZygoteInit的main方法,代碼路徑為:frameworksasecorejavacomandroidinternalosZygoteInit.java:
public static void main(String argv[]) { try { // Start profiling the zygote initialization. SamplingProfilerIntegration.start(); //這裡注冊流式socket,以便於fork新的dalvik進程 registerZygoteSocket(); EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_START, SystemClock.uptimeMillis()); //這裡預先加載一些類和資源 preload(); EventLog.writeEvent(LOG_BOOT_PROGRESS_PRELOAD_END, SystemClock.uptimeMillis()); // Finish profiling the zygote initialization. SamplingProfilerIntegration.writeZygoteSnapshot(); // Do an initial gc to clean up after startup gc(); // Disable tracing so that forked processes do not inherit stale tracing tags from // Zygote. Trace.setTracingEnabled(false); // If requested, start system server directly from Zygote if (argv.length != 2) { throw new RuntimeException(argv[0] + USAGE_STRING); } if (argv[1].equals(start-system-server)) { //啟動SystemServer,zygote通過SystemServer和上層服務進行交互 startSystemServer(); } else if (!argv[1].equals()) { throw new RuntimeException(argv[0] + USAGE_STRING); } Log.i(TAG, Accepting command socket connections); //通過Select方式監聽端口,即異步讀取消息,死循環,沒有消息則一直阻塞在那裡 runSelectLoop(); closeServerSocket(); } catch (MethodAndArgsCaller caller) { caller.run(); } catch (RuntimeException ex) { Log.e(TAG, Zygote died with exception, ex); closeServerSocket(); throw ex; } }下面看一下runSelectLoop方法,看看它是如何fork產生一個新的進程的:
/** * Runs the zygote process's select loop. Accepts new connections as * they happen, and reads commands from connections one spawn-request's * worth at a time. * * @throws MethodAndArgsCaller in a child process when a main() should * be executed. */ private static void runSelectLoop() throws MethodAndArgsCaller { ArrayListfds = new ArrayList (); ArrayList peers = new ArrayList (); FileDescriptor[] fdArray = new FileDescriptor[4]; fds.add(sServerSocket.getFileDescriptor()); peers.add(null); int loopCount = GC_LOOP_COUNT; //死循環,沒有消息則一直阻塞在這裡 while (true) { int index; /* * Call gc() before we block in select(). * It's work that has to be done anyway, and it's better * to avoid making every child do it. It will also * madvise() any free memory as a side-effect. * * Don't call it every time, because walking the entire * heap is a lot of overhead to free a few hundred bytes. */ if (loopCount <= 0) { gc(); loopCount = GC_LOOP_COUNT; } else { loopCount--; } try { fdArray = fds.toArray(fdArray); //通過select()函數來讀取新的socket消息,其返回值有<0、0、>0三種 //分別代表:發生異常、繼續讀取新消息、首先處理當前消息 index = selectReadable(fdArray); } catch (IOException ex) { throw new RuntimeException(Error in select(), ex); } if (index < 0) { throw new RuntimeException(Error in select()); } else if (index == 0) { //構造一個ZygoteConnection對象,並將其加入到peers列表中 ZygoteConnection newPeer = acceptCommandPeer(); peers.add(newPeer); fds.add(newPeer.getFileDesciptor()); } else { boolean done; //這裡處理當前socket消息,ZygoteConnection的runOnce會被調用,一個新的dalvik進程會被創建 done = peers.get(index).runOnce(); if (done) { //處理完了以後刪除此socket消息 peers.remove(index); fds.remove(index); } } } } 接著,我們還需要看下ZygoteConnection的runOnce方法,看看一個dalvik進程到底是如何產生的,我們知道每個apk都運行在一個獨立的dalvik進程中,所以當啟動一個apk的時候,zygote會孵化出一個新的進程,在這個進程中運行此apk。 在ZygoteConnection中,新進程是通過Zygote的靜態方法forkAndSpecialize來產生的:
pid = Zygote.forkAndSpecialize(parsedArgs.uid, parsedArgs.gid, parsedArgs.gids,
parsedArgs.debugFlags, rlimits, parsedArgs.mountExternal, parsedArgs.seInfo, parsedArgs.niceName);具體的我們就不用多看了,內部肯定是通過linux系統的fork()函數來產生一個新進程的。當一個新的dalvik進程產生了以後,還需要做一些清場的工作,由於新進程是由zygote程序fork出來的,所以子進程具有zygote的一份拷貝,我們知道,zygote啟動的時候創建了一個socket服務端,這個服務端只能有一個,由zygote孵化的子進程是不應該有的,所以子進程孵化出來以後,還必須關閉拷貝的socket服務端,這些操作在handleChildProc方法中完成:
private void handleChildProc(Arguments parsedArgs, FileDescriptor[] descriptors, FileDescriptor pipeFd, PrintStream newStderr) throws ZygoteInit.MethodAndArgsCaller { //關閉本地和服務端(如果有)的socket closeSocket(); ZygoteInit.closeServerSocket(); if (descriptors != null) { try { ZygoteInit.reopenStdio(descriptors[0], descriptors[1], descriptors[2]); for (FileDescriptor fd: descriptors) { IoUtils.closeQuietly(fd); } newStderr = System.err; } catch (IOException ex) { Log.e(TAG, Error reopening stdio, ex); } } if (parsedArgs.niceName != null) { Process.setArgV0(parsedArgs.niceName); } if (parsedArgs.runtimeInit) { if (parsedArgs.invokeWith != null) { WrapperInit.execApplication(parsedArgs.invokeWith, parsedArgs.niceName, parsedArgs.targetSdkVersion, pipeFd, parsedArgs.remainingArgs); } else { RuntimeInit.zygoteInit(parsedArgs.targetSdkVersion, parsedArgs.remainingArgs); } } else { String className; try { className = parsedArgs.remainingArgs[0]; } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { logAndPrintError(newStderr, Missing required class name argument, null); return; } String[] mainArgs = new String[parsedArgs.remainingArgs.length - 1]; System.arraycopy(parsedArgs.remainingArgs, 1, mainArgs, 0, mainArgs.length); if (parsedArgs.invokeWith != null) { WrapperInit.execStandalone(parsedArgs.invokeWith, parsedArgs.classpath, className, mainArgs); } else { ClassLoader cloader; if (parsedArgs.classpath != null) { cloader = new PathClassLoader(parsedArgs.classpath, ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()); } else { cloader = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader(); } try { //這裡子進程的main方法被調用,此時,子進程完全從zygote(母體)上脫離出來了 ZygoteInit.invokeStaticMain(cloader, className, mainArgs); } catch (RuntimeException ex) { logAndPrintError(newStderr, Error starting., ex); } } } }同時在ZygoteInit中會預先加載一些類和資源,具體代碼在preload方法中:
static void preload() {
preloadClasses();
preloadResources();
}SystemServer的創建
SystemServer作為zygote孵化的第一個dalvik進程,其孵化過程在上面已經進行了描述,但是其和普通進程的啟動略有不同,普通進程由Zygote.forkAndSpecialize來啟動,而SystemServer由Zygote.forkSystemServer來啟動,其次是SystemServer內部多創建了一個socket客戶端。關於SystemServer內部的本地socket客戶端,本文前面已經說過,外圍的Service都是通過SystemServer和zygote交互的,比如要啟動一個apk,首先AMS會發起一個新進程的創建請求,在startProcessLocked方法中會調用Process的start方法,其內部會調用startViaZygote方法,而在startViaZygote內部會創建一個本地socket和zygote通信,我們要知道,AMS是在SystemServer進程中創建的,所以說在SystemServer中創建一個本地socket和zygote通信是有道理的。SystemServer的一個很重要的作用是創建各種服務,包括大家常見的WindowManagerService 、AlarmManagerService、ActivityManagerService等,然後上層的各種manager通過binder和service進行交互,關於SystemServer創建各種服務的過程以及和binder的交互,請參考我之前寫的一篇博客的其中一節,這裡就不重復了:各種Manager和Binder服務的對應關系。
系統桌面的啟動
當SystemServer創建各種服務完畢後,其中的一個服務ActivityManagerService由於也創建完成,所以其事件回調方法systemReady會被調用,這個方法很長,注意到在這個方法的倒數第二句是mMainStack.resumeTopActivityLocked(null),它的意思是將桟頂的activity復位,看它的代碼final boolean resumeTopActivityLocked(ActivityRecord prev, Bundle options) { // Find the first activity that is not finishing. //找到桟頂的activity記錄 ActivityRecord next = topRunningActivityLocked(null); // Remember how we'll process this pause/resume situation, and ensure // that the state is reset however we wind up proceeding. final boolean userLeaving = mUserLeaving; mUserLeaving = false; //由於系統剛啟動,桟頂肯定沒有activity,所以next為null if (next == null) { // There are no more activities! Let's just start up the // Launcher... if (mMainStack) { ActivityOptions.abort(options); //程序執行到這裡,桌面就會被調起來 return mService.startHomeActivityLocked(mCurrentUser); } } ...此處省略 }最後看看桌面是如何被調起來的:
boolean startHomeActivityLocked(int userId) { if (mHeadless) { // Added because none of the other calls to ensureBootCompleted seem to fire // when running headless. ensureBootCompleted(); return false; } if (mFactoryTest == SystemServer.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL && mTopAction == null) { // We are running in factory test mode, but unable to find // the factory test app, so just sit around displaying the // error message and don't try to start anything. return false; } Intent intent = new Intent( mTopAction, mTopData != null ? Uri.parse(mTopData) : null); intent.setComponent(mTopComponent); if (mFactoryTest != SystemServer.FACTORY_TEST_LOW_LEVEL) { //其實就是為intent加上CATEGORY_HOME這個Category,接著就發送隱式intent來調起所有滿足條件的桌面 //這也是第三方桌面存在的價值 intent.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_HOME); } ActivityInfo aInfo = resolveActivityInfo(intent, STOCK_PM_FLAGS, userId); if (aInfo != null) { intent.setComponent(new ComponentName( aInfo.applicationInfo.packageName, aInfo.name)); // Don't do this if the home app is currently being // instrumented. aInfo = new ActivityInfo(aInfo); aInfo.applicationInfo = getAppInfoForUser(aInfo.applicationInfo, userId); ProcessRecord app = getProcessRecordLocked(aInfo.processName, aInfo.applicationInfo.uid); if (app == null || app.instrumentationClass == null) { intent.setFlags(intent.getFlags() | Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK); //這裡啟動桌面activity,到此為止,桌面被啟動了,我們就可以認為手機開機完成了 mMainStack.startActivityLocked(null, intent, null, aInfo, null, null, 0, 0, 0, null, 0, null, false, null); } } return true; }到此為止,桌面已經啟動了,也就意味著手機的開機啟動過程已經完成,後續我們就可以通過桌面來啟動各個應用了,根據本文的介紹,我們已經知道apk啟動時dalvik進程的創建過程,關於單個activity的啟動過程,請參看我之前寫的另一篇文章Android源碼分析-Activity的啟動過程。到此為止,本文結束了,相信大家對Android系統的開機啟動過程應該有了一個感性的認識了。
pendingIntent字面意義:等待的,未決定的Intent。要得到一個pendingIntent對象,使用方法類的靜態方法getActivity(Context,
方式一:自定義對話框 public class ProgersssDialog extends Dialog { private ImageView img;
第一次安裝Java JDK ,要大於1.7版本,不安裝的話就會出現如下提示:這時點擊上面的JDK鏈接,跳轉到甲骨文的JDK下載頁面,根據操作系統,選擇下載版本,如下:下載
上一篇我們主要了解了為什麼適配,以及怎麼適配,同時給出了部分切圖規范,和在開發過程中需要的一些注意事項,這一遍主要從官方給出的指導建議出發,從視覺的角度來說說怎麼適配。度